HYDROGEN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Abstract

Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines (H₂ ICE) present a transitional yet promising pathway toward sustainable mobility by utilizing hydrogen as a clean alternative fuel. Unlike conventional fossil fuels, hydrogen combustion produces negligible carbon dioxide emissions, making it an attractive solution for reducing greenhouse gas footprints in transportation and stationary power generation. However, the unique properties of hydrogen—such as its wide flammability range, high diffusivity, and low ignition energy— pose challenges in engine design and operation. This paper investigates the combustion characteristics of hydrogen in spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines, focusing on flame speed, knock tendencies, and backfire risks. Advanced injection strategies, including port fuel injection and direct injection, are analyzed to optimize efficiency and minimize abnormal combustion. A critical issue addressed is the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx), which can occur due to high flame temperatures despite hydrogen’s carbon-free nature. Techniques such as lean-burn operation, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and catalytic after-treatment are discussed as effective NOx mitigation methods. Recent research, prototype developments, and industrial applications are highlighted, emphasizing hydrogen’s role in bridging the gap between current internal combustion technologies and a carbon-neutral future. Ultimately, H₂ ICE offers a practical and impactful solution in the global pursuit of sustainable energy systems.