Battery Reliability Assessment In Electric Vehicles : A State Of The Art

Abstract

The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has increased the importance of battery reliability as a key factor influencing vehicle performance, driving range, operational safety, and long-term sustainability. Lithium-ion batteries, which dominate the current EV market, are exposed to various stresses such as repeated charge-discharge cycles, temperature fluctuations, high current demands, and aging mechanisms that gradually reduce their capacity and efficiency. This state-of-the-art review examines recent developments in battery reliability assessment by analyzing the methods, models, and technologies used to evaluate battery health, predict degradation, and estimate remaining useful life. The review discusses conventional diagnostic approaches alongside modern data-driven techniques, including machine learning, deep learning, digital twins, and battery management systems that enable real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance. It also highlights the influence of thermal management, charging strategies, operating conditions, and manufacturing variations on battery reliability. Furthermore, the paper identifies current research challenges, such as limited availability of high-quality datasets, model interpretability, computational complexity, and the need for standardized reliability evaluation frameworks. Based on recent advances, the review outlines emerging research directions aimed at improving battery lifespan, enhancing safety, and supporting the large-scale adoption of electric mobility. By consolidating existing knowledge and identifying future opportunities, this study provides researchers, engineers, and industry practitioners with a comprehensive understanding of battery reliability assessment and its critical role in advancing next-generation electric vehicle technologies.