Automated Plant Health Monitoring System by Using IOT

Abstract

The proposed IoT-Enabled Smart Agriculture and Environmental Monitoring System presents a low-cost, real-time solution for continuous monitoring and automated control of critical agricultural and greenhouse parameters using Wi-Fi–enabled embedded technology. The system is designed to enhance crop health, optimize resource utilization, and reduce human intervention by integrating multiple environmental and soil-related sensors with cloud-based data analytics. At the core of the system is a Wi-Fi–enabled microcontroller platform (such as an Raspberry Pi Pico W), which functions simultaneously as a Data Acquisition Unit (DAU) and a Local Control Unit (LCU). This controller interfaces with a diverse sensor suite that provides a holistic assessment of the agro-environment. The deployed sensors include a soil moisture sensor to assess soil water content and irrigation needs, a TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) or nutrient sensor to evaluate soil or water quality, an LDR sensor to detect ambient light intensity for crop illumination analysis, and an LM35 temperature sensor to accurately measure ambient temperature critical for plant growth and stress management. Sensor data are periodically sampled, digitized, and processed locally by the embedded control algorithm. The raw analog and digital signals are converted into meaningful engineering units, such as moisture levels, temperature in degrees Celsius, and light status. These values are continuously compared against predefined threshold limits stored in the controller. When abnormal or critical conditions are detected—such as low soil moisture, excessive nutrient concentration, or extreme temperature— the system autonomously activates Int. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2026 ISSN 2319-5991 www.ijerst.org Vol. 22, No. 2, 2026 790 corrective mechanisms through relaycontrolled actuators, such as irrigation pumps or auxiliary devices. Additionally, a buzzer provides immediate local alerts to notify nearby personnel of hazardous or out-of-range conditions