BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Abstract

Battery Management Systems (BMS) play a critical role in improving the safety, efficiency, and reliability of electric vehicle battery packs. This paper presents an Internet of Things (IoT)-based Battery Management System for Electric Vehicles using an ESP32 microcontroller, INA219 current-voltage sensor, DHT11 temperature sensor, cooling fan, buzzer alerts, and cloud monitoring through ThingSpeak. The proposed system performs continuous monitoring of battery voltage, current, temperature, and load behavior in real time. It detects abnormal conditions such as under-voltage, overload, and overheating, and activates protective mechanisms including alarms, thermal control, and automatic load cutoff. The integration of IoT enables remote battery supervision through mobile devices and cloud dashboards, allowing users to access live data, historical trends, and warning notifications. Compared with traditional battery monitoring systems, the proposed architecture improves fault detection, safety response, and battery lifespan while maintaining low implementation cost. Experimental implementation demonstrates reliable sensing, remote monitoring capability, efficient thermal management, and effective fault prevention. The developed system is suitable for electric vehicles, renewable energy storage, and portable battery operated applications.