Design and Implementation of a Blockchain-Based Secure IoT Software Update Framework

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) has undergone substantial development since its origin, reshaping the way devices interact, gather information, and automate operations. Although the term was officially introduced in 1999, it is rooted in earlier technological progress such as embedded systems, wireless networking, and standardized communication protocols. In the early stages, IoT devices operated with restricted computational capabilities and minimal security features, often depending on centralized infrastructures for management and software updates. Conventional update methods, including centralized servers and Over-The-Air (OTA) techniques, have presented several challenges such as single points of failure, susceptibility to cyber threats, scalability limitations, and lack of transparency. These issues threaten the reliability, security, and trust of IoT ecosystems, particularly as they expand in size and complexity. To overcome these concerns, there is a need for a resilient framework that decentralizes control, strengthens security using advanced cryptographic methods, and ensures permanent and verifiable records of update activities. The proposed architecture based on blockchain and IPFS addresses these requirements by utilizing Ethereum smart contracts to securely and transparently manage user registrations, update information, and payment records. Software updates are protected through ECIES hybrid encryption and stored on IPFS as content-addressed data blocks, ensuring integrity and eliminating reliance on centralized storage. A Django-based web application enables smooth interaction for both manufacturers and device owners, while a Tkinter-driven IoT network simulation showcases efficient update distribution guided by blockchain data. This decentralized solution offers significant improvements over traditional approaches by reducing dependence on central systems, enhancing transparency, and ensuring secure handling of update data through cryptographic safeguards. It is well aligned with modern trends that prioritize distributed trust and scalability in IoT systems. Therefore, this framework represents a notable advancement in managing IoT software updates, promoting reliability, security, and efficiency in highly connected environments.