A Comprehensive Review of Fast Charging Technologies for Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Future Directions

Abstract

The transition to electric mobility depends critically on reducing charging times to match the convenience of conventional refueling. DC fast charging (DCFC) and extreme fast charging (XFC) have emerged as the primary solutions, delivering 50–350 kW and enabling 10‑ to 30‑minute charging sessions. However, fast charging introduces complex trade‑offs among power electronics, battery electrochemistry, thermal management, grid infrastructure, and safety. This article provides a systematic review of fast‑charging technology, including a comparison of charging methods, an analysis of lithium plating and degradation mechanisms, thermal management strategies, connector standards, and the role of artificial intelligence. We also present a schematic diagram of a modern DCFC station and a detailed comparison table. Finally, we discuss emerging technologies such as solid‑state batteries, lithium‑metal anodes, and megawatt charging for heavy‑duty vehicles. With these references, the paper serves as a comprehensive resource for engineers, policymakers, and researchers.