IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON HORMONAL HEALTH AMONG WOMEN: A STUDY IN MUMBAI

Abstract

Urbanization has significantly influenced the lifestyle and health patterns of women in metropolitan cities such as Mumbai. Rapid urban development has led to increased occupational stress, sedentary behavior, irregular dietary habits, and exposure to environmental pollutants, all of which contribute to hormonal imbalance. Women in urban settings often experience high psychological stress, resulting in elevated cortisol levels that disrupt the normal functioning of reproductive hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. Additionally, reduced physical activity and increased consumption of processed foods contribute to obesity and insulin resistance, which are closely associated with hormonal disorders such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Environmental factors, including air pollution and endocrine-disrupting chemicals, further interfere with hormonal regulation. This study highlights that urbanization, through its combined physical, psychological, and environmental impacts, plays a significant role in increasing the prevalence of hormonal imbalance among women, leading to menstrual irregularities, mood disturbances, and reduced overall well-being.