Energy Management System of a Hybrid Wind–Solar–Battery Microgrid Using Fuzzy Logic with Fuel Cell–Electrolyzer Integration

Abstract

The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources poses significant challenges to the stable and reliable operation of microgrids. This paper presents an energy management system (EMS) for a hybrid wind–solar–battery microgrid integrated with a fuel cell and electrolyzer using fuzzy logic control. The proposed system employs a bidirectional DC–DC converter for battery energy storage and a fuel cell–electrolyzer combination to store excess energy as hydrogen and supply power during shortages. A fuzzy logic-based EMS is designed to coordinate power flow among the wind turbine, solar PV array, battery, fuel cell, and electrolyzer while maintaining DC bus voltage stability and optimizing energy utilization. The system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink under varying renewable generation and load conditions. Results demonstrate effective power balance, improved system reliability, reduced battery stress, and efficient energy recovery through the fuel  cell–electrolyzer subsystem. The fuzzy logic controller ensures smooth transitions and adaptive decision-making without requiring a precise mathematical model.