A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON THE SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF PYRIMIDINE AND THIAZOLE DERIVATIVES

Abstract

The field of heterocyclic chemistry remains the backbone of modern medicinal and pharmaceutical research, with nitrogen-containing heterocycles, particularly pyrimidines and thiazoles, representing crucial structural motifs in the search for new chemical entities (NCEs). Pyrimidines are foundational components of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and various vitamins, endowing them with widespread therapeutic potential, including antiviral, antitumor, and anti-HIV activities. Similarly, the thiazole nucleus is prevalent in numerous biologically active compounds, such as antibiotics, antifungals, and analgesic agents. The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and the persistent global health challenges posed by viral, inflammatory, and oncological diseases necessitate the continuous development of novel heterocyclic scaffolds. This comprehensive review summarizes the most significant and contemporary advances in the synthetic methodologies for Pyrimidine and Thiazole derivatives, including conventional, microwave-assisted, and nanoparticle-catalyzed techniques. Furthermore, it provides an in-depth analysis of their diverse biological activities, specifically focusing on their demonstrated potential as antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agents, directly aligning with current medicinal chemistry research efforts. This review aims to serve as a valuable resource for guiding the rational design and synthesis of next-generation bioactive molecules incorporating these privileged heterocyclic rings.